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Asthma-
Asthma is a disease that affects the breathing passages of the lungs (bronchioles). Asthma is caused by chronic (ongoing, long-term) inflammation of these passages. This makes the breathing passages, or airways, of the person with asthma highly sensitive to various "triggers."
When the inflammation is "triggered" by any number of external and internal factors, the passages swell and fill with mucus.
Muscles within the breathing passages contract (bronchospasm), causing even further narrowing of the airways.
This narrowing makes it difficult for air to be breathed out (exhaled) from the lungs.
This resistance to exhaling leads to the typical symptoms of an asthma attack.
Because asthma causes resistance, or obstruction, to exhaled air, it is called an obstructive lung disease. The medical term for such lung conditions is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD. COPD is actually a group of diseases that includes not only asthma but also chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Like any other chronic disease, asthma is a condition you live with every day of your life. You can have an attack any time you are exposed to one of your triggers. Unlike other chronic obstructive lung diseases, asthma is reversible.
Asthma Causes
The exact cause of asthma is not known.
What all people with asthma have in common is chronic airway inflammation and excessive airway sensitivity to various triggers.
Research has focused on why some people develop asthma while others do not.
Some people are born with the tendency to have asthma, while others are not. Scientists are trying to find the genes that cause this tendency.
The environment you live in and the way you live partly determine whether you have asthma attacks.
An asthma attack is a reaction to a trigger. It is similar in many ways to an allergic reaction.
An allergic reaction is a response by the body's immune system to an "invader."
When the cells of the immune system sense an invader, they set off a series of reactions that help fight off the invader. It is this series of reactions that causes the production of mucus and bronchospasms. These responses cause the symptoms of an asthma attack. In asthma, the "invaders" are the triggers listed below. Triggers vary among individuals. Because asthma is a type of allergic reaction, it is sometimes called reactive airway disease.
Each person with asthma has his or her own unique set of triggers. Most triggers cause attacks in some people with asthma and not in others. Common triggers of asthma attacks are the following:
Exposure to tobacco or wood smoke, breathing polluted air, inhaling other respiratory irritants such as perfumes or cleaning products, exposure to airway irritants at the workplace, breathing in allergy-causing substances (allergens) such as molds, dust, or animal dander, an upper respiratory infection, such as a cold, flu, sinusitis, or bronchitis, exposure to cold, dry weather, emotional excitement or stress, physical exertion or exercise, reflux of stomach acid known as gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, sulfites, an additive to some foods and wine, and menstruation: In some, not all, women, asthma symptoms are closely tied to the menstrual cycle.
Asthma Symptoms
When the breathing passages become irritated or infected, an attack is triggered. The attack may come on suddenly or develop slowly over several days or hours. The main symptoms that signal an attack are as follows:
wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, coughing, and difficulty speaking.
Exams and Tests
If you go to the emergency department for an asthma attack, the health care provider will first assess how severe the attack is. Attacks are usually classified as mild, moderate, or severe. This assessment is based on several factors:
symptom severity and duration, degree of airway obstruction, and the extent to which the attack is interfering with regular activities.
Mild and moderate attacks usually involve the following symptoms, which may come on gradually with chest tightness, coughing or spitting up mucus, restlessness or trouble sleeping, and wheezing.
Severe attacks are less common. They may involve symptoms like breathlessness, difficulty talking, tightness in neck muscles, slight gray or bluish colour in your lips and fingernail beds, skin appear "sucked in" around the rib cage, and "silent" chest (no wheezing on inhalation or exhalation)
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